Impacto del estado periodontal autorreportado en la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud oral en población adulta con diabetes tipo 2 de la Ciudad de México / Impact of self-reported periodontal status on oral health-related quality of life in adult population with Type 2 Diabetes from Mexico City

Fundamentos: la periodontitis es la sexta complicación de la diabetes tipo 2 (dt2); dependiendo de su severidad puede causar dolor, incomodidad o hasta pérdida dental. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el impacto del estado periodontal autorreportado en la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud oral (cvrso) en personas con dt2. Métodos: se realizó un estudio transversal que incluyó a setenta y nueve adultos con dt2 atendidos en la clínica de síndrome metabólico del instituto nacional de enfermedades respiratorias cosío villegas en la ciudad de méxico, entre agosto y noviembre de 2010. La cvrso se evaluó con el cuestionario perfil de impacto en la salud bucal acortado (ohip-ee14). La periodontitis se evaluó por autorreporte, profundidad al sondeo (ps) y pérdida de inserción clínica (pic). La asociación entre estado periodontal autorreportado y cvrso se evaluó con modelos de regresión binomial negativa. Resultados: la edad promedio fue de 60,4 años (de=9,6); la duración de diabetes de 10,1 años (de=6,6). La cvrso se asoció con la autopercepción de mal aliento (rr=1,58, p=0,025), autopercepción de mala salud de las encías (rr=1,66, p=0,016), insatisfacción de la habilidad para masticar (rr=2,22, p≤0,001), pérdida de algún diente con movilidad previa (rr=1,74, p=0,019) y 20 dientes presentes o menos (rr=1,57, p=0,045). Conclusiones: la cvrso se asocia con el autorreporte de mal aliento, mala salud de las encías e insatisfacción de la habilidad para masticar en personas con dt2; esto sugiere que las condiciones bucales autopercibidas representan signos y síntomas de deterioro funcional y psicológico relacionados con la periodontitis severa.(AU)

Background: periodontitis ranks sixth as a type 2 diabetes (t2d) complication. According to its severity, it may cause pain, discomfort and tooth loss. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of self-reported periodontal status on the oral health related quality of life (ohrqol) of people with t2d.methods: a cross-sectional study was conducted involving seventy-nine adults with t2d who visited the metabolic syndrome clinic at the cosío villegas national institute of respiratory diseases in mexico city between august and november 2010. The ohrqol was evaluated with the shortened oral health impact profile (ohip-ee14). Periodontitis was measured by self-report, probing depth (pd), and clinical attachment loss (cal). The association between self-reported periodontal status and ohrqol was evaluated with binomial regression models.results: mean age of the participants was 60,4 years (sd=9,6); diabetes duration was 10,1 years (sd=6,6). The ohrqol was associated with self-perception of bad breath (rr=1,58; p=0,025), self-perception of poor gum health (rr=1,66; p=0,016), dissatisfaction with chewing ability (rr=2,22; p≤0,001), tooth loss due to mobility (rr=1,74; p=0,019), and presence of 20 teeth or less (rr=1,57; p=0,045). Conclusions: ohrqol is associated with self-report of bad breath, poor gum health and dissatisfaction with chewing ability in people with t2d, which suggests that self-perceived oral conditions represent signs and symptoms of functional and psychological impairment related to severe periodontitis.(AU)

[Impact of self-reported periodontal status on oral health-related quality of life in adult population with Type 2 Diabetes from Mexico City]. / Impacto del estado periodontal autorreportado en la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud oral en población adulta con diabetes tipo 2 de la Ciudad de México.

OBJECTIVE: Periodontitis ranks sixth as a type 2 diabetes (T2D) complication. According to its severity, it may cause pain, discomfort and tooth loss. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of self-reported periodontal status on the Oral Health Related Quality of Life (OHRQoL) of people with T2D. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving seventy-nine adults with T2D who visited the Metabolic Syndrome clinic at the Cosío Villegas National Institute of Respiratory Diseases in Mexico City between August and November 2010. The OHRQoL was evaluated with the shortened Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-EE14). Periodontitis was measured by self-report, probing depth (PD), and clinical attachment loss (CAL). The association between self-reported periodontal status and OHRQoL was evaluated with binomial regression models. RESULTS: Mean age of the participants was 60,4 years (SD=9,6); diabetes duration was 10,1 years (SD=6,6). The OHRQoL was associated with self-perception of bad breath (RR=1,58; p=0,025), self-perception of poor gum health (RR=1,66; p=0,016), dissatisfaction with chewing ability (RR=2,22; p≤0,001), tooth loss due to mobility (RR=1,74; p=0,019), and presence of 20 teeth or less (RR=1,57; p=0,045). CONCLUSIONS: OHRQoL is associated with self-report of bad breath, poor gum health and dissatisfaction with chewing ability in people with T2D, which suggests that self-perceived oral conditions represent signs and symptoms of functional and psychological impairment related to severe periodontitis.

OBJECTIVE: La periodontitis es la sexta complicación de la diabetes tipo 2 (DT2); dependiendo de su severidad puede causar dolor, incomodidad o hasta pérdida dental. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el impacto del estado periodontal autorreportado en la Calidad de Vida Relacionada con la Salud Oral (CVRSO) en personas con DT2. METHODS: Se realizó un estudio transversal que incluyó a setenta y nueve adultos con DT2 atendidos en la Clínica de Síndrome Metabólico del Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Cosío Villegas en la Ciudad de México, entre agosto y noviembre de 2010. La CVRSO se evaluó con el cuestionario Perfil de Impacto en la Salud Bucal acortado (OHIP-EE14). La periodontitis se evaluó por autorreporte, profundidad al sondeo (PS) y pérdida de inserción clínica (PIC). La asociación entre estado periodontal autorreportado y CVRSO se evaluó con modelos de regresión binomial negativa. RESULTS: La edad promedio fue de 60,4 años (DE=9,6); la duración de diabetes de 10,1 años (DE=6,6). La CVRSO se asoció con la autopercepción de mal aliento (RR=1,58, p=0,025), autopercepción de mala salud de las encías (RR=1,66, p=0,016), insatisfacción de la habilidad para masticar (RR=2,22, p≤0,001), pérdida de algún diente con movilidad previa (RR=1,74, p=0,019) y 20 dientes presentes o menos (RR=1,57, p=0,045). CONCLUSIONS: La CVRSO se asocia con el autorreporte de mal aliento, mala salud de las encías e insatisfacción de la habilidad para masticar en personas con DT2; esto sugiere que las condiciones bucales autopercibidas representan signos y síntomas de deterioro funcional y psicológico relacionados con la periodontitis severa.

Social determinants and sexual risk behaviors within Immunodeficiency Virus cases in Solidaridad, Quintana Roo, México / Determinantes sociales y conductas sexuales de riesgo en casos de Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia en Solidaridad, Quintana Roo, México

Abstract Objective: To determine the prevalence of HIV in individuals by analyzing the influence of social determinants and sexual risk behaviors, in order to estimate the crude and adjusted risks of being HIV positive in the municipality of Solidaridad, state of Quintana Roo, Mexico. Method and Materials: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the municipality of Solidaridad, Quintana Roo, Mexico. Third and fourth generation HIV rapid tests were performed. Descriptive statistics, measures of association (OR and 95 % CI) and p value were calculated for each stratum. Logistic regression models were performed to determine the risk factors associated with being HIV positive in the tests. Results: The sample consisted of 4,800 people, of whom 3,030 were men (63.12%); the mean age was 32.6 years (SD 14.96). The variables included in the multivariate model for being HIV positive are: men who have sex with men with OR=61.20, age 30-39 years OR=1.72, having anal sex OR=2.21, and as a protective factor having health service OR =0.42. Conclusions: This study confirms already known social determinants such as being male and being in economically active age and sexual practices such as: having anal sex and men with men. Being entitled to health services was shown to be the only protective factor.

Resumen Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de VIH en personas analizando la influencia de los determinantes sociales y las conductas sexuales de riesgo, para estimar los riesgos crudos y ajustados para ser VIH positivo en el municipio Solidaridad, estado de Quintana Roo, México. Método y Materiales: Se realizó un estudio transversal en el municipio de Solidaridad, Quintana Roo, México. Se realizaron pruebas rápidas de VIH de tercera y cuarta generación. Se calcularon las estadísticas descriptivas, las medidas de asociación (OR e IC del 95 %) y el valor de p para cada estrato. Se realizaron modelos de regresión logística para determinar los factores de riesgo asociados con ser VIH positivo en las pruebas. Resultados: La muestra estuvo compuesta por 4,800 personas de las cuales; 3,030 hombres (63.12%); la edad promedio fue de 32.6 años (D.E. 14.96). Las variables incluidas en el modelo multivariado para ser VIH positivo son: hombres que tienen sexo con hombres con OR=61.20, edad 30-39 años OR=1.72, tener sexo anal OR=2.21, y como factor protector contar con servicio de salud OR =0.42. Conclusiones: Este estudio confirma determinantes sociales ya conocidos como el ser hombre y estar en edad económicamente activa y prácticas sexuales como: el tener sexo anal y hombres con hombres. Contar con derechohabiencia se muestra como único factor protector.

Knowledge, attitudes, perceptions, and COVID-19 hesitancy in a large public university in Mexico city during the early vaccination rollout.

BACKGROUND: Vaccination against COVID-19 is a primary tool for controlling the pandemic. However, the spread of vaccine hesitancy constitutes a significant threat to reverse progress in preventing the disease. Studies conducted in Mexico have revealed that vaccination intention in Mexico among the general population ranges from 62 to 82%. OBJECTIVE: To know the prevalence of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and associated factors among academics, students, and administrative personnel of a public university in Mexico City. METHODS: We administered an online survey investigating sociodemographic aspects, knowledge, attitudes, practices, and acceptance/hesitancy regarding the COVID-19 vaccine. Using generalized linear Poisson models, we analyzed factors associated with vaccine hesitancy, defined as not intending to be vaccinated within the following six months or refusing vaccination. RESULTS: During May and June 2021, we studied 840 people, prevalence of vaccine hesitancy was 6%. Hesitancy was significantly associated with fear of adverse effects, distrust of physician's recommendations, lack of knowledge regarding handwashing, age younger than 40 years, refusal to use face masks, and not having received influenza vaccination during the two previous seasons. CONCLUSIONS: Vaccine hesitancy in this population is low. Furthermore, our results allowed us the identification of characteristics that can improve vaccine promotion.

Evaluating the impact of mobility in COVID-19 incidence and mortality: A case study from four states of Mexico.

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico began at the end of February 2020. An essential component of control strategies was to reduce mobility. We aimed to evaluate the impact of mobility on COVID- incidence and mortality rates during the initial months of the pandemic in selected states. Methods: COVID-19 incidence data were obtained from the Open Data Epidemiology Resource provided by the Mexican government. Mobility data was obtained from the Observatory for COVID-19 in the Americas of the University of Miami. We selected four states according to their compliance with non-pharmaceutical interventions and mobility index. We constructed time series and analyzed change-points for mobility, incidence, and mortality rates. We correlated mobility with incidence and mortality rates for each time interval. Using mixed-effects Poisson models, we evaluated the impact of reductions in mobility on incidence and mortality rates, adjusting all models for medical services and the percentage of the population living in poverty. Results: After the initial decline in mobility experienced in early April, a sustained increase in mobility followed during the rest of the country-wide suspension of non-essential activities and the return to other activities throughout mid-April and May. We identified that a 1% increase in mobility yielded a 5.2 and a 2.9% increase in the risk of COVID-19 incidence and mortality, respectively. Mobility was estimated to contribute 8.5 and 3.8% to the variability in incidence and mortality, respectively. In fully adjusted models, the contribution of mobility to positive COVID-19 incidence and mortality was sustained. When assessing the impact of mobility in each state compared to the state of Baja California, increased mobility conferred an increased risk of incident positive COVID-19 cases in Mexico City, Jalisco, and Nuevo León. However, for COVID-19 mortality, a differential impact of mobility was only observed with Jalisco and Nuevo León compared to Baja California. Conclusion: Mobility had heterogeneous impacts on COVID-19 rates in different regions of Mexico, indicating that sociodemographic characteristics and regional-level pandemic dynamics modified the impact of reductions in mobility during the COVID-19 pandemic. The implementation of non-pharmaceutical interventions should be regionalized based on local epidemiology for timely response against future pandemics.

Clinical and Virological Features of Patients Hospitalized with Different Types of COVID-19 Vaccination in Mexico City.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines effectively protect against severe disease and death. However, the impact of the vaccine used, viral variants, and host factors on disease severity remain poorly understood. This work aimed to compare COVID-19 clinical presentations and outcomes in vaccinated and unvaccinated patients in Mexico City. From March to September 2021, clinical, demographic characteristics, and viral variants were obtained from 1014 individuals with a documented SARS-CoV-2 infection. We compared unvaccinated, partially vaccinated, and fully vaccinated patients, stratifying by age groups. We also fitted multivariate statistical models to evaluate the impact of vaccination status, SARS-CoV-2 lineages, vaccine types, and clinical parameters. Most hospitalized patients were unvaccinated. In patients over 61 years old, mortality was significantly higher in unvaccinated compared to fully vaccinated individuals. In patients aged 31 to 60 years, vaccinated patients were more likely to be outpatients (46%) than unvaccinated individuals (6.1%). We found immune disease and age above 61 years old to be risk factors, while full vaccination was found to be the most protective factor against in-hospital death. This study suggests that vaccination is essential to reduce mortality in a comorbid population such as that of Mexico.

Dominance of Three Sublineages of the SARS-CoV-2 Delta Variant in Mexico.

In this study, we analyzed the sequences of SARS-CoV-2 isolates of the Delta variant in Mexico, which has completely replaced other previously circulating variants in the country due to its transmission advantage. Among all the Delta sublineages that were detected, 81.5 % were classified as AY.20, AY.26, and AY.100. According to publicly available data, these only reached a world prevalence of less than 1%, suggesting a possible Mexican origin. The signature mutations of these sublineages are described herein, and phylogenetic analyses and haplotype networks are used to track their spread across the country. Other frequently detected sublineages include AY.3, AY.62, AY.103, and AY.113. Over time, the main sublineages showed different geographical distributions, with AY.20 predominant in Central Mexico, AY.26 in the North, and AY.100 in the Northwest and South/Southeast. This work describes the circulation, from May to November 2021, of the primary sublineages of the Delta variant associated with the third wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico and highlights the importance of SARS-CoV-2 genomic surveillance for the timely identification of emerging variants that may impact public health.

The Alpha Variant (B.1.1.7) of SARS-CoV-2 Failed to Become Dominant in Mexico.

During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the emergence and rapid increase of the B.1.1.7 (Alpha) lineage of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), first identified in the United Kingdom in September 2020, was well documented in different areas of the world and became a global public health concern because of its increased transmissibility. The B.1.1.7 lineage was first detected in Mexico during December 2020, showing a slow progressive increase in its circulation frequency, which reached its maximum in May 2021 but never became predominant. In this work, we analyzed the patterns of diversity and distribution of this lineage in Mexico using phylogenetic and haplotype network analyses. Despite the reported increase in transmissibility of the B.1.1.7 lineage, in most Mexican states, it did not displace cocirculating lineages, such as B.1.1.519, which dominated the country from February to May 2021. Our results show that the states with the highest prevalence of B.1.1.7 were those at the Mexico-U.S. border. An apparent pattern of dispersion of this lineage from the northern states of Mexico toward the center or the southeast was observed in the largest transmission chains, indicating possible independent introduction events from the United States. However, other entry points cannot be excluded, as shown by multiple introduction events. Local transmission led to a few successful haplotypes with a localized distribution and specific mutations indicating sustained community transmission. IMPORTANCE The emergence and rapid increase of the B.1.1.7 (Alpha) lineage of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) throughout the world were due to its increased transmissibility. However, it did not displace cocirculating lineages in most of Mexico, particularly B.1.1.519, which dominated the country from February to May 2021. In this work, we analyzed the distribution of B.1.1.7 in Mexico using phylogenetic and haplotype network analyses. Our results show that the states with the highest prevalence of B.1.1.7 (around 30%) were those at the Mexico-U.S. border, which also exhibited the highest lineage diversity, indicating possible introduction events from the United States. Also, several haplotypes were identified with a localized distribution and specific mutations, indicating that sustained community transmission occurred in the country.

Two-year follow-up of the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico.

Background: After the initial outbreak in China (December 2019), the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a pandemic on March 11th, 2020. This paper aims to describe the first 2 years of the pandemic in Mexico. Design and methods: This is a population-based longitudinal study. We analyzed data from the national COVID-19 registry to describe the evolution of the pandemic in terms of the number of confirmed cases, hospitalizations, deaths and reported symptoms in relation to health policies and circulating variants. We also carried out logistic regression to investigate the major risk factors for disease severity. Results: From March 2020 to March 2022, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in Mexico underwent four epidemic waves. Out of 5,702,143 confirmed cases, 680,063 were hospitalized (11.9%), and 324,436 (5.7%) died. Even if there was no difference in susceptibility by gender, males had a higher risk of death (CFP: 7.3 vs. 4.2%) and hospital admission risk (HP: 14.4 vs. 9.5%). Severity increased with age. With respect to younger ages (0-17 years), the 60+ years or older group reached adjusted odds ratios of 9.63 in the case of admission and 53.05 (95% CI: 27.94-118.62) in the case of death. The presence of any comorbidity more than doubled the odds ratio, with hypertension-diabetes as the riskiest combination. While the wave peaks increased over time, the odds ratios for developing severe disease (waves 2, 3, and 4 to wave 1) decreased to 0.15 (95% CI: 0.12-0.18) in the fourth wave. Conclusion: The health policy promoted by the Mexican government decreased hospitalizations and deaths, particularly among older adults with the highest risk of admission and death. Comorbidities augment the risk of developing severe illness, which is shown to rise by double in the Mexican population, particularly for those reported with hypertension-diabetes. Factors such as the decrease in the severity of the SARS-CoV2 variants, changes in symptomatology, and advances in the management of patients, vaccination, and treatments influenced the decrease in mortality and hospitalizations.

Transmission dynamics and forecasts of the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico, March-December 2020.

Mexico has experienced one of the highest COVID-19 mortality rates in the world. A delayed implementation of social distancing interventions in late March 2020 and a phased reopening of the country in June 2020 has facilitated sustained disease transmission in the region. In this study we systematically generate and compare 30-day ahead forecasts using previously validated growth models based on mortality trends from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation for Mexico and Mexico City in near real-time. Moreover, we estimate reproduction numbers for SARS-CoV-2 based on the methods that rely on genomic data as well as case incidence data. Subsequently, functional data analysis techniques are utilized to analyze the shapes of COVID-19 growth rate curves at the state level to characterize the spatiotemporal transmission patterns of SARS-CoV-2. The early estimates of the reproduction number for Mexico were estimated between Rt ~1.1-1.3 from the genomic and case incidence data. Moreover, the mean estimate of Rt has fluctuated around ~1.0 from late July till end of September 2020. The spatial analysis characterizes the state-level dynamics of COVID-19 into four groups with distinct epidemic trajectories based on epidemic growth rates. Our results show that the sequential mortality forecasts from the GLM and Richards model predict a downward trend in the number of deaths for all thirteen forecast periods for Mexico and Mexico City. However, the sub-epidemic and IHME models perform better predicting a more realistic stable trajectory of COVID-19 mortality trends for the last three forecast periods (09/21-10/21, 09/28-10/27, 09/28-10/27) for Mexico and Mexico City. Our findings indicate that phenomenological models are useful tools for short-term epidemic forecasting albeit forecasts need to be interpreted with caution given the dynamic implementation and lifting of social distancing measures.

Social determinants for overweight and obesity in a highly marginalized population from Comitán, Chiapas, Mexico.

OBJECTIVE: We assessed the prevalence of overweight and obesity and its association with some social determinants in a highly marginalized population in Mexico. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cross-sectional study conducted in Comitán, Chiapas, from 2010 to 2012, comprising 1 858 subjects aged ≥20 years. We evaluated proximal, intermediate, and structuralsocial determinants. RESULTS: The prevalence of overweight and obesity was 37.9 and 16.5%, respectively. The probability of overweight and obesity was higher in participants with ≥primary school, self-reported non-indigenous origin, and medium level of marginalization compared with those with

OBJETIVO: Estimar la prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad y su asociación con determinantes sociales en población con alto grado de marginación. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal realizado en Comitán, Chiapas, de 2010 a 2012, que incluyó 1 858 sujetos ≥20 años de edad. Se evaluaron determinantes sociales proximales, intermedios y estructurales. RESULTADOS: La prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad fue de 37.9 y 16.5%, respectivamente. La probabilidad de sobrepeso y obesidad fue mayor en sujetos con escolaridad ≥primaria, en sujetos que se autodefinieron como no indígenas y en sujetos con un grado de marginación medio comparado con individuos con escolaridad

Social determinants for overweight and obesity in a highly marginalized population from Comitán, Chiapas, Mexico / Determinantes sociales relacionados con el sobrepeso y obesidad en una población con alto grado de marginación de Comitán, Chiapas, México

Abstract Objective: We assessed the prevalence of overweight and obesity and its association with some social determinants in a highly marginalized population in Mexico. Materials and methods: Cross-sectional study conducted in Comitán, Chiapas, from 2010 to 2012, comprising 1 858 subjects aged ≥20 years. We evaluated proximal, intermediate, and structural social determinants. Results: The prevalence of overweight and obesity was 37.9 and 16.5%, respectively. The probability of overweight and obesity was higher in participants with ≥primary school, self-reported non-indigenous origin, and medium level of marginalization compared with those with <primary school, self-reported indigenous origin, and high/very high level of marginalization. Conclusion: The probability of overweight and obesity was higher in population with more favorable social conditions, which may be partially explained by changes in the traditional lifestyle with greater access to high energy foods and physical inactivity.

Resumen Objetivo: Estimar la prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad y su asociación con determinantes sociales en población con alto grado de marginación. Material y métodos: Estudio transversal realizado en Comitán, Chiapas, de 2010 a 2012, que incluyó 1 858 sujetos ≥20 años de edad. Se evaluaron determinantes sociales proximales, intermedios y estructurales. Resultados: La prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad fue de 37.9 y 16.5%, respectivamente. La probabilidad de sobrepeso y obesidad fue mayor en sujetos con escolaridad ≥primaria, en sujetos que se autodefinieron como no indígenas y en sujetos con un grado de marginación medio comparado con individuos con escolaridad <primaria, con autodefinirse como indígena y tener un grado de marginación alto/muy alto. Conclusión: La probabilidad de sobrepeso y obesidad fue mayor en población con condiciones sociales más favorables, parcialmente explicada por cambios en el estilo de vida con mayor acceso a alimentos con alta energía e inactividad física.

Guillain-Barré Syndrome Associated With Zika Virus Infection: A Prospective Case Series From Mexico.

Background: On May 2016, anticipating the rainy season from June to October in Mexico, we expected an increase in cases of Zika virus (ZIKV) infections. With the goal of identifying cases of GBS associated with ZIKV infection, a prospective joint study was conducted by a reference center for neurological patients and the Secretary of Health in Mexico City from July 2016 to November 2016. Methods: Serum, cerebrospinal fluid, urine, and saliva were tested by RT-PCR for ZIKV, dengue virus, and chikungunya virus in patients referred from states with reported transmissions of ZIKV infection, and with clinical symptoms of GBS according to the Brighton Collaboration criteria. Clinical, electrophysiological, and long-term disability data were collected. Results: In the year 2016 twenty-eight patients with GBS were diagnosed at our institute. In five hospitalized patients with GBS, RT-PCR was positive to ZIKV in any collected specimen. Dengue and chikungunya RT-PCR results were negative. All five patients had areflexic flaccid weakness, and cranial nerves affected in three. Electrophysiological patterns were demyelinating in two patients and axonal in three. Three patients were discharged improved in 10 days or less, and two patients required intensive care unit admission, and completely recovered during follow-up. Conclusion: Our results are similar to those reported from the state of Veracruz, Mexico, in which out of 33 samples of urine of patients with GBS two had a positive RT-PCR for ZIKV. Simultaneous processing of serum, CSF, urine, and saliva by RT-PCR may increase the success of diagnosis of GBS associated to ZIKV.

Clinical and Epidemiological Characterization of Laboratory-Confirmed Autochthonous Cases of Zika Virus Disease in Mexico.

INTRODUCTION: Since 2014, autochthonous circulation of Zika virus (ZIKV) in the Americas was detected (Easter Island, Chile). In May 2015, Brazil confirmed autochthonous --transmission and in October of that year Colombia reported their first  cases. Now more than 52 countries have reported cases, including Mexico. To deal with this contingency in Mexico, several surveillance systems, in addition to systems for vector-borne diseases were strengthened with the participation of all health institutions. Also, the Ministry of Health defined an Action Plan against ZIKV for the whole country. METHODS: We analyzed 93 autochthonous cases of ZIKV disease identified by Epidemiological Surveillance System for Zika Virus in Mexico. All autochthonous cases confirmed by laboratory since November 25, 2015 to February 19, 2016 were included. A description of clinical and epidemiological characteristics of 93 cases of ZIKV disease are presenting and, we describe the Action Plan against this public health emergency.  RESULTS: The distribution of cases by sex was 61 men and 32 women; mean age was 35 years old (S.D. 15, range 6-90). The main clinical features in the 93 cases were fever (96.6%), rash (93.3%), non-purulent conjunctivitis (88.8%), headache (85.4%), and myalgia (84.3%). No deaths were reported. CONCLUSION: The ZIKV epidemic poses new challenges to public health systems. The information provided for basic, clinical, and epidemiological research, in addition to the data derived from epidemiological surveillance is essential. However, there are still many unanswered questions regarding mechanisms of transmission, complications, and impact of this virus.

Self-report of gingival problems and periodontitis in indigenous and non-indigenous populations in Chiapas, Mexico.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of self-reported gingival and periodontal conditions and their association with smoking, oral hygiene, indigenous origin, diabetes and location (urban or rural) in indigenous and non-indigenous adults in Chiapas, Mexico. METHODS: A cross-sectional study of 1,749 persons, ≥20 years of age, living in four rural and four urban marginal localities in Comitán (Chiapas, México). The variables investigated were: age; sex; indigenous origin; oral hygiene; halitosis; chewing ability; gingival conditions; periodontitis; smoking; alcoholism; diabetes; and location. Bivariate analysis and a logistic regression model were used to identify the association of periodontitis with the independent variables. RESULTS: In total, 762 (43.6%) indigenous and 987 (56.4%) non-indigenous persons were interviewed. Their mean age was 41 ± 14 years, 66.7% were women and 43.8% lived in rural locations. Gingival problems were reported by 68.5% and periodontitis by 8.7%. In total, 17.9% had used dental services during the previous year, 28.7% wore a removable partial or a complete dental prosthesis, 63.7% had lost at least one tooth, the prevalence of diabetes was 9.2% and the prevalence of smoking was 12.2%. The logistic regression model showed that age, diabetes and the interaction between rural location and indigenous origin were associated with the presence of periodontitis. CONCLUSIONS: Indigenous people living in rural areas are more likely to have periodontitis. It is necessary to promote oral health practices in indigenous and marginalised populations with a focus on community-oriented primary care.

Association of Pulmonary Tuberculosis and Diabetes in Mexico: Analysis of the National Tuberculosis Registry 2000-2012.

BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a public health problem in Mexico while the incidence of diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM) has increased rapidly in recent years. OBJECTIVE: To describe the trends of incidence rates of pulmonary TB associated with DM and not associated with DM and to compare the results of treatment outcomes in patients with and without DM. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analysed the National Tuberculosis Registry from 2000 to 2012 including patients with pulmonary TB among individuals older than 20 years of age. The association between DM and treatment failure was analysed using logistic regression, accounting for clustering due to regional distribution. RESULTS: In Mexico from 2000 to 2012, the incidence rates of pulmonary TB associated to DM increased by 82.64%, (p<0.001) in contrast to rates of pulmonary TB rate without DM, which decreased by 26.77%, (p<0.001). Patients with a prior diagnosis of DM had a greater likelihood of failing treatment (adjusted odds ratio, 1.34 (1.11-1.61) p<0.002) compared with patients who did not have DM. There was statistical evidence of interaction between DM and sex. The odds of treatment failure were increased in both sexes. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that the growing DM epidemic has an impact on the rates of pulmonary TB. In addition, patients who suffer from both diseases have a greater probability of treatment failure.

Outbreak of Vibrio cholerae serogroup O1, serotype Ogawa, biotype El Tor strain--La Huasteca Region, Mexico, 2013.

On September 2 and 6, 2013, Mexico's National System of Epidemiological Surveillance identified two cases of cholera in Mexico City. Rectal swab cultures from both patients were confirmed as toxigenic Vibrio cholerae serogroup O1, serotype Ogawa, biotype El Tor. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and virulence gene amplification (ctxA, ctxB, zot, and ace) demonstrated that the strains were identical to one another but different from strains circulating in Mexico previously. The strains were indistinguishable from the strain that has caused outbreaks in Haiti, the Dominican Republic, and Cuba. The strain was susceptible to doxycycline, had intermediate susceptibility to ampicillin and chloramphenicol, was less than fully susceptible to ciprofloxacin, and was resistant to furazolidone and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. An investigation failed to identify a common source of infection, additional cases, or any epidemiologic link between the cases. Both patients were treated with a single, 300-mg dose of doxycycline, and their symptoms resolved.

Low complexity regions (LCRs) contribute to the hypervariability of the HIV-1 gp120 protein.

Low complexity regions (LCRs) are sequences of nucleic acids or proteins defined by a compositional bias. Their occurrence has been confirmed in sequences of the three cellular lineages (Bacteria, Archaea and Eucarya), and has also been reported in viral genomes. We present here the results of a detailed computer analysis of the LCRs present in the HIV-1 glycoprotein 120 (gp120) encoded by the viral gene env. The analysis was performed using a sample of 3637 Env polyprotein sequences derived from 4117 completely sequenced and translated HIV-1 genomes available in public databases as of December 2012. We have identified 1229 LCRs located in four different regions of the gp120 protein that correspond to four of the five regions that have been identified as hypervariable (V1, V2, V4 and V5). The remaining 29 LCRs are found in the signal peptide and in the conserved regions C2, C3, C4 and C5. No LCR has been identified in the hypervariable region V3. The LCRs detected in the V1, V2, V4, and V5 hypervariable regions exhibit a high Asn content in their amino acid composition, which very likely correspond to glycosylation sites, which may contribute to the retroviral ability to avoid the immune system. In sharp contrast with what is observed in gp120 proteins lacking LCRs, the glycosylation sites present in LCRs tend to be clustered towards the center of the region forming well-defined islands. The results presented here suggest that LCRs represent a hitherto undescribed source of genomic variability in lentivirus, and that these repeats may represent an important source of antigenic variation in HIV-1 populations. The results reported here may exemplify the evolutionary processes that may have increased the size of primitive cellular RNA genomes and the role of LCRs as a source of raw material during the processes of evolutionary acquisition of new functions.

Polio eradication: how long and how much to the end?

Eradication of poliomyelitis seems to be more feasible than ever. During recent years the strategy has reached milestone goals, faced new challenges, and re-configured by itself. In this text we describe the current situation of the polio eradication efforts worldwide and present an analysis of the potential implications and needs regarding vaccination in the coming years.

Association of diabetes and tuberculosis: impact on treatment and post-treatment outcomes.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the clinical consequences of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) among patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). METHODS: We conducted a prospective study of patients with TB in Southern Mexico. From 1995 to 2010, patients with acid-fast bacilli or Mycobacterium tuberculosis in sputum samples underwent epidemiological, clinical and microbiological evaluation. Annual follow-ups were performed to ascertain treatment outcome, recurrence, relapse and reinfection. RESULTS: The prevalence of DM among 1262 patients with pulmonary TB was 29.63% (n=374). Patients with DM and pulmonary TB had more severe clinical manifestations (cavities of any size on the chest x-ray, adjusted OR (aOR) 1.80, 95% CI 1.35 to 2.41), delayed sputum conversion (aOR 1.51, 95% CI 1.09 to 2.10), a higher probability of treatment failure (aOR 2.93, 95% CI 1.18 to 7.23), recurrence (adjusted HR (aHR) 1.76, 95% CI 1.11 to 2.79) and relapse (aHR 1.83, 95% CI 1.04 to 3.23). Most of the second episodes among patients with DM were caused by bacteria with the same genotype but, in 5/26 instances (19.23%), reinfection with a different strain occurred. CONCLUSIONS: Given the growing epidemic of DM worldwide, it is necessary to add DM prevention and control strategies to TB control programmes and vice versa and to evaluate their effectiveness. The concurrence of both diseases potentially carries a risk of global spreading, with serious implications for TB control and the achievement of the United Nations Millennium Development Goals.